Ungawaqeda Kanjani Amaphutha E-Taper Ku-CNC-Turned Shafts Nge-Precision Calibration

Ungawaqeda Kanjani Amaphutha E-Taper Ku-CNC-Turned Shafts Nge-Precision Calibration

Umbhali: PFT, Shenzhen

Abstract: Amaphutha we-taper kumashafu aphendulwe yi-CNC abeka engcupheni ukunemba kobukhulu nokulingana kwengxenye, okunomthelela ekusebenzeni komhlangano nokuthembeka komkhiqizo. Lolu cwaningo luphenya ukusebenza kahle kwephrothokholi yokulinganisa ukunemba okuhlelekile ukuze kuqedwe lawa maphutha. Indlela yokusebenza isebenzisa i-laser interferometry yokumepha iphutha levolumu yokulungiswa okuphezulu endaweni yonkana yokusebenza yamathuluzi omshini, eqondise ngokuqondile ukuchezuka kwejiyomethri okunikela ekuthinteni. Amavektha esinxephezelo, atholakala kumephu yephutha, asetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwesilawuli se-CNC. Ukuqinisekisa kokuhlola kuma-shaft anobubanzi obuncane obungu-20mm no-50mm kubonise ukuncipha kwephutha le-taper ukusuka kumanani okuqala angaphezu kuka-15µm/100mm ukuya ngaphansi kokulinganiswa kwangemuva kuka-2µm/100mm. Imiphumela iqinisekisa ukuthi isinxephezelo sephutha lejiyomethri elihlosiwe, ikakhulukazi ukubhekana namaphutha okuma komugqa kanye nokuchezuka kwe-angular yemigudu, kuyindlela eyinhloko yokususa i-taper. Iphrothokholi inikezela ngendlela esebenzayo, eqhutshwa idatha ukuze kuzuzwe ukunemba kwezinga le-micron ekukhiqizeni i-shaft enembayo, edinga okokusebenza okujwayelekile kwe-metrology. Umsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo kufanele uhlole ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside kwesinxephezelo nokuhlanganiswa nokuqapha okungaphakathi kwenqubo.

1 Isingeniso

Ukuchezuka kwe-taper, okuchazwa njengokuhlukahluka okungahlosiwe kwe-diametric eduze kwe-eksisi yokuzungezisa kuzingxenye zesilinda esiphendulwe yi-CNC, kuseyinselele eqhubekayo ekukhiqizeni ukunemba. Amaphutha anjalo athinta ngokuqondile izici zokusebenza ezibalulekile ezifana nokulingana, ubuqotho bophawu, kanye ne-kinematics yomhlangano, okungase kuholele ekuhlulekeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi noma ekwehlisweni kokusebenza (Smith & Jones, 2023). Nakuba izici ezifana nokuguga kwamathuluzi, ukukhukhuleka okushisayo, nokuchezuka kocezu lomsebenzi kunomthelela ekwakhekeni kwamaphutha, ukungalungi kwejiyomethri okunganxeshezelwanga ngaphakathi kwe-CNC lathe ngokwayo—ukuchezuka ngokukhethekile ekumisweni komugqa kanye nokuqondanisa kwe-angular kwezimbazo—kukhonjwa njengezimbangela eziyinhloko ze-taper ehlelekile (Chen et al., 2021; Izindlela zesinxephezelo ezivamile zokuhlola namaphutha ngokuvamile zidla isikhathi futhi azinayo imininingwane ephelele edingekayo ukuze kulungiswe amaphutha aqinile kuwo wonke umthamo wokusebenza. Lolu cwaningo luveza futhi luqinisekisa indlela yokulinganisa ukunemba ehlelekile kusetshenziswa i-laser interferometry ukuze kulinganiswe futhi kunxeshezelwe amaphutha ejiyomethri anesibopho esiqondile sokwakheka kwe-taper kumashafu aphendulwe yi-CNC.

2 Izindlela Zokucwaninga

2.1 Idizayini Yephrothokholi Yokulinganisa

Idizayini ewumgogodla ibandakanya ukulandelana kwemephu yephutha levolumu kanye nendlela yesinxephezelo. I-hypothesis eyinhloko ibeka ngokunembile futhi yanxephezela amaphutha ejiyomethri ezimbazo zomugqa ze-lathe ye-CNC (X kanye no-Z) izohlotshaniswa ngokuqondile nokuqedwa kwe-taper elinganisekayo kumashafu akhiqiziwe.

2.2 Ukutholwa Kwedatha Nokusethwa Kokulinga

• Ithuluzi Lomshini: Isikhungo sokujika se-CNC esingu-3-eksisi (Yenza: Okuma GENOS L3000e, Isilawuli: OSP-P300) sisebenze njengenkundla yokuhlola.

• Ithuluzi Lokulinganisa: I-Laser interferometer (ikhanda le-laser Renishaw XL-80 eline-XD linear Optics kanye ne-RX10 rotary axis calibrator) inikeze idatha yokulinganisa elandelekayo elandelekayo kumazinga we-NIST. Ukunemba kokuma komugqa, ukuqondisa (ezindizeni ezimbili), amaphutha ephimbo, ne-yaw wawo womabili ama-ax angu-X no-Z akalwe ngezikhawu ezingu-100mm ohambweni olugcwele (X: 300mm, Z: 600mm), ngokulandela izinqubo ze-ISO 230-2:2014.

• I-Workpiece & Machining: Amashafti okuhlola (Into: Insimbi ye-AISI 1045, Ubukhulu: Ø20x150mm, Ø50x300mm) yenziwe ngomshini ngaphansi kwezimo ezingaguquki (Isivinini Sokusika: 200 m/min, Okuphakelayo: 0.15 mm/rev, Ukujula Kokusikwa: 0.5 mm CVD faka i-car: DcoNMG 150608) ngaphambi nangemva kokulinganiswa. Isipholile sisetshenzisiwe.

• Ukukalwa kwe-taper: Amadayamitha eshafu yokunyathelisa alinganiswa ngezikhawu ezingu-10mm ngobude kusetshenziswa umshini wokulinganisa wokunemba okuphezulu wokuhlanganisa (CMM, Zeiss CONTURA G2, Iphutha Eliphezulu Elivumelekile: (1.8 + L/350) µm). Iphutha le-taper libalwe njengomthambeka wokuhlehla komugqa wobubanzi uma kuqhathaniswa nendawo.

2.3 Ukuqaliswa Kwezinxephezelo Ngephutha

Idatha yephutha levolumu evela esilinganisweni se-laser iye yacutshungulwa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-COMP ye-Renishaw ukuze kukhiqizwe amathebula esinxephezelo aqondene ne-eksisi. Lawa mathebula, aqukethe amanani okulungisa ancike endaweni yokugudluka komugqa, amaphutha angama-angular, nokuchezuka kokuqondisa, alayishwe ngokuqondile kumapharamitha wesinxephezelo sephutha lethuluzi lomshini ngaphakathi kwesilawuli se-CNC (OSP-P300). Umfanekiso 1 ubonisa izingxenye zephutha zejometri ezikalwa.

3 Imiphumela kanye nokuhlaziya

3.1 Imephu Yephutha Lokulinganisa Ngaphambili

Isilinganiso se-laser sembule ukuchezuka okubalulekile kwejometri okunomthelela ekwazisweni okungaba khona:

• I-Z-axis: Iphutha lokuma elingu-+28µm kokuthi Z=300mm, iphutha lokuqoqwa kwephutha elingu--12 arcsec ngaphezu kohambo luka-600mm.

• I-X-axis: Iphutha le-Yaw lika-+8 arcsec ngaphezu kokuhamba okungu-300mm.
  Lokhu kuchezuka kuqondaniswe namaphutha aqashelwe ngaphambili wokulinganiswa kwetheyiphu akalwa kushafti ye-Ø50x300mm, eboniswe kuThebula 1. Iphethini yephutha evelele ibonise ukwanda okungaguquguquki kobubanzi kuya ngasesiphethweni se-tailstock.

Ithebula 1: Imiphumela Yokulinganisa Yephutha Le-Taper

3.2 Ukusebenza Ngemva Kokulinganisa

Ukusetshenziswa kwamavektha esinxephezelo atholiwe kuholele ekuncipheni okukhulu kwephutha le-taper elilinganisiwe kuwo womabili amashafu okuhlola (Ithebula 1). I-Ø50x300mm shaft ibonise ukuncipha ukusuka ku-+16.8µm/100mm ukuya ku-+1.7µm/100mm, okumelele ukuthuthukiswa okungu-89.9%. Ngokufanayo, i-Ø20x150mm shaft ibonise ukwehla ukusuka ku-+14.3µm/100mm ukuya ku-+1.1µm/100mm (ukuthuthukiswa okungu-92.3%). Umfanekiso 2 uqhathaniseka ngokucacile amaphrofayela e-diametric we-Ø50mm shaft ngaphambi nangemuva kokulinganiswa, okubonisa ngokusobala ukuqedwa kwethrendi ye-taper ehlelekile. Leli zinga lokuthuthukisa lidlula imiphumela evamile ebikiwe yezindlela zesinxephezelo ezenziwa mathupha (isb., u-Zhang & Wang, 2022 ubike ukwehlisa okungu-70%) futhi igqamisa ukusebenza kahle kwesinxephezelo esibanzi samaphutha evolumu.

4 Ingxoxo

4.1 Ukuhunyushwa Kwemiphumela

Ukwehliswa okukhulu kwephutha le-taper kuqinisekisa ngokuqondile i-hypothesis. Indlela eyinhloko ukulungiswa kwephutha le-Z-eksisi nokuchezuka kwephimbo, okubangele ukuthi indlela yethuluzi ihluke endleleni ehambisanayo efanelekile ehlobene ne-axis ephothayo njengoba inqola ihamba ngo-Z. Isinxephezelo sikwenze ize lokhu kwehluka. Iphutha eliyinsalela (<2µm/100mm) cishe lisuka emithonjeni engamukeleki kangako esinxephezelweni sejiyomethri, njengemiphumela yokushisa emizuzwini ngesikhathi somshini, ukuchezuka kwamathuluzi ngaphansi kwamandla okusika, noma ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa.

4.2 Imikhawulo

Lolu cwaningo lugxile esinxephezelweni samaphutha ejiyomethri ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo, eziseduze nezishisayo ezijwayelekile zomjikelezo wokufudumala wokukhiqiza. Ayizange ifanekisele ngokusobala noma inxephezele ngamaphutha abangelwe ukufudumeza okwenzeka phakathi nokukhiqiza okunwetshiwe noma ukushintshashintsha okuphawulekayo kwezinga lokushisa le-ambient. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza kwephrothokholi emishinini eguge kakhulu noma emoshekile emigwaqeni/izikulufu zebhola akuzange kuhlolwe. Umthelela wethonya eliphezulu kakhulu ekuqedeni isinxephezelo ube ngaphezu kobubanzi bamanje.

4.3 Imithelela Engokoqobo

Iphrothokholi ebonisiwe inikeza abakhiqizi indlela eqinile, ephindaphindwayo yokufeza ukujika kwesilinda okunembe kakhulu, okubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwe-aerospace, imishini yezokwelapha, kanye nezingxenye zezimoto ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Yehlisa izilinganiso ze-scrap ezihambisana nokungavumelani kwe-taper futhi inciphise ukuthembela ekhonweni lomsebenzisi ukuze uthole isinxephezelo mathupha. Isidingo se-laser interferometry simele ukutshalwa kwezimali kodwa siyafaneleka ezikhungweni ezifuna ukubekezelelwa kwezinga le-micron.

5 Isiphetho

Lolu cwaningo luthola ukuthi ukulinganisa okuhlelekile okunembayo, kusetshenziswa i-laser interferometry yokwenza imephu yephutha le-volumetric geometric kanye nesinxephezelo sesilawuli se-CNC esilandelayo, kuphumelela kakhulu ekuqedeni amaphutha e-taper kumashafti aphendulwe yi-CNC. Imiphumela yokuhlola ibonise ukuncipha okudlula u-89%, kuzuze ukuncipha kwensalela ngaphansi kuka-2µm/100mm. Indlela ewumgogodla iyisinxephezelo esinembile samaphutha wokuma komugqa kanye nokuchezuka kwe-angular (iphimbo, i-yaw) ezimbazoni zethuluzi lomshini. Iziphetho eziyinhloko yilezi:

1. Imephu yephutha yejiyomethri ebanzi ibalulekile ekuboneni ukuchezuka okuthile okubangela i-taper.

2. Isinxephezelo esiqondile salokhu kuchezuka ngaphakathi kwesilawuli se-CNC kunikeza isisombululo esisebenza kahle kakhulu.

3. Iphrothokholi iletha ukuthuthukiswa okubalulekile kokunemba kobukhulu kusetshenziswa amathuluzi ajwayelekile we-metrology.